Pakistani Armed Forces ORBAT, Part 7: Air Force

Pakistan air force orbat

Pakistan Air Force (PAF) has grappled with various issues over the last 2-3 decades mostly due to lack of funding and sanctions. Yet it has kept a reasonably good inventory of aircraft and munitions through extensive efforts of sourcing second hand air frames, spares and overhauls. Even with sporadic sanctions, American F-16s have been their most capable aircraft for close to four decades now. But they are few in numbers and the bulk of the airframes consist of F-7 (Chinese copy of Soviet Mig-21), Mirage-III, Mirage-V and JF-17. J-10 is the most recent addition and inductions started in 2022.


Pakistan Air Force badge

Roundel

Flag

Induction of this plane indicates that JF-17, even with Block-II and Block-III has been unable to meet PAF expectations. There have been a few reports of poor serviceability and technical issues which seemingly have not been solved so far. It was expected to replace F-7 and Mirages, but induction of J-10, which plays nearly the same role in Pakistani orbat will probably reduce the actual numbers of JF-17s in PAF service.

I am not going to dwell on it much as much of it has been common knowledge and information is freely available. Rest of this section will have basic data about aviation assets of PAF, PA and some other military organisations. A lot of orbat data is from scramble.nl, apart from a few places where it was outdated or incorrect. 

Location of remaining airfields is through searching on Google Earth and a few other sources. A link to Maps is at the end.

PAF Orbat

The 

UNITLOCATIONCALL SIGNTYPEPARENTAIRCRAFTLATLONGRUNWAYSLENGTH
19th SquadronBholari AirbaseSherdilsMultirole41 Tactical WingF-16A, F-16B25°14’18.65″N68° 2’1.82″E2
1st SquadronM.M. Alam Airbase, MianwaliRahbarsTraining37 Military Training WingK-8P32°33’38.50″N71°33’48.40″E23200
18th SquadronM.M. Alam Airbase, MianwaliSharp ShootersTraining^37 Military Training WingF-7 and F-7P32°33’38.50″N71°33’48.40″E23200
20th SquadronM.M. Alam Airbase, MianwaliCheetahsTraining^37 Military Training WingF7PG, FT-7PG32°33’38.50″N71°33’48.40″E23200
Shooter SquadronM.M. Alam Airbase, MianwaliShooter SquadronTrainingMirage & F-732°33’38.50″N71°33’48.40″E23200
86th SquadronM.M. Alam Airbase, MianwaliAbabeelSAR37 Military Training WingAlouette 332°33’38.50″N71°33’48.40″E23200
4th SquadronMasroor Airbase, KarachiKarakoram EaglesAWACS32 Tactical Attack WingKJ-200024°52’33.84″N67° 6’53.17″E12400
7th SquadronMasroor Airbase, KarachiBanditsAttack32 Tactical Attack WingMirage 3EA & 3DP24°52’33.84″N67° 6’53.17″E12400
8th SquadronMasroor Airbase, KarachiHaidersAttack32 Tactical Attack WingMirage 5PA2, 5PA3 & 5DD24°52’33.84″N67° 6’53.17″E12400
22nd SquadronMasroor Airbase, KarachiGhazisConversion32 Tactical Attack WingMirage 3DP, 5EF, 3EL, 3BE, 3BL24°52’33.84″N67° 6’53.17″E12400
84 SquadronMasroor Airbase, KarachiDolphinsMilitary Support32 Tactical Attack WingAW139, Mi-17124°52’33.84″N67° 6’53.17″E12400
3rd SquadronMinhas Airbase, KamraSaab-2000 ErieyeAWACS33 Tactical Air WingSaab-2000 Erieye33°52’23.43″N72°23’34.90″E23300
16th SquadronMinhas Airbase, KamraBlack PanthersAttack33 Tactical Air WingJF-17, JF-17B Block 133°52’23.43″N72°23’34.90″E23300
1st UAV FlightMinhas Airbase, Kamra33 Tactical Air WingAbad, Burraq and Shahpar UAVs33°52’23.43″N72°23’34.90″E23300
87th SquadronMinhas Airbase, KamraDragonfliesSAR33 Tactical WingAW139, Mi-17133°52’23.43″N72°23’34.90″E23300
9th SquadronMushaf Airbase, SargodhaGriffinsMultirole38 Multirole WingF-16A, F-16B32° 2’37.07″N72°40’11.70″E22900
24th SquadronMushaf Airbase, SargodhaBlindersEW38 Multirole WingFalcon-2032° 2’37.07″N72°40’11.70″E22900
29th SquadronMushaf Airbase, SargodhaTrainingMilitary Commanders SchoolF-16A, F-16B32° 2’37.07″N72°40’11.70″E22900
CCS MirageMushaf Airbase, SargodhaSkyboltsTrainingMilitary Commanders SchoolMirage 3. 532° 2’37.07″N72°40’11.70″E22900
CCS F-7Mushaf Airbase, SargodhaDashingsTrainingMilitary Commanders SchoolF-7P32° 2’37.07″N72°40’11.70″E22900
CCS JF-17Mushaf Airbase, SargodhaFierce DragonsTrainingMilitary Commanders SchoolJF-1732° 2’37.07″N72°40’11.70″E22900
CCS F-16Mushaf Airbase, SargodhaTrainingMilitary Commanders SchoolF-1632° 2’37.07″N72°40’11.70″E22900
82nd SquadronMushaf Airbase, SargodhaStallionsSAR38 Multirole WingAW-13932° 2’37.07″N72°40’11.70″E22900
6th SquadronNur Khan Airbase, RawalpindiAntelopesTransport35 Composite Air Transport WingC-130B & E, L-100.33°37’9.11″N73° 5’31.23″E22700
10th SquadronNur Khan Airbase, RawalpindiBuffaloesTankers35 Composite Air Transport WingIL-78MP33°37’9.11″N73° 5’31.23″E22700
12th SquadronNur Khan Airbase, RawalpindiGlobe TrottersVIP & Transport35 Composite Air Transport WingF-27, Falcon 20, A301-304, G-IV33°37’9.11″N73° 5’31.23″E22700
41st SquadronNur Khan Airbase, RawalpindiVIP & Transport35 Composite Air Transport WingPA-34, Y-13, Ce-172, EMB-50033°37’9.11″N73° 5’31.23″E22700
52nd SquadronNur Khan Airbase, RawalpindiMarkhorsTransport35 Composite Air Transport WingCN-235M33°37’9.11″N73° 5’31.23″E22700
17th SquadronPeshawar AirbaseTigersInterceptor36 Tactical WingF-7PG & FT-7PG33°59’40.07″N71°30’51.28″E12500
26th SquadronPeshawar AirbaseBlack SpidersMultirole36 Tactical WingJF-17 Block 133°59’40.07″N71°30’51.28″E12500
81st SquadronPeshawar AirbaseKangaroosSAR36 Tactical WingAlouette 333°59’40.07″N71°30’51.28″E12500
9th AAv SquadronPeshawar AirbaseComposite AAvArmy Aviation CorpsH125, MFI-17, SA315B/316B33°59’40.07″N71°30’51.28″E12500
Frontier Works OrganisationPeshawar AirbaseAviation CellAS350B3, H125, Beech 350ER33°59’40.07″N71°30’51.28″E12500
21st SquadronPNS Mehran, KarachiPegasusTransport40th WingC-130E and Saab-2000.24°52’35.25″N67° 7’23.09″E12400
7th AAv SquadronPNS Mehran, KarachiArmy AviationArmy Aviation CorpsMFI-17, SA316B24°52’35.25″N67° 7’23.09″E12400
27th ASW SquadronPNS Mehran, KarachiAnti-submarineNaval aviationF27-20024°52’35.25″N67° 7’23.09″E12400
28th MS SquadronPNS Mehran, KarachiAnti-submarineNaval aviationP-3C II Orion24°52’35.25″N67° 7’23.09″E12400
29th ASW/EW SquadronPNS Mehran, KarachiSea EaglesAnti-submarine & EWNaval aviationATR-72, BAe125-850XP24°52’35.25″N67° 7’23.09″E12400
111th ASW SquadronPNS Mehran, KarachiArabian SharksAnti-submarineNaval aviationSea King24°52’35.25″N67° 7’23.09″E12400
222nd ASW SquadronPNS Mehran, KarachiStingraysAnti-submarineNaval aviationZ9-EC24°52’35.25″N67° 7’23.09″E12400
333rd ASW SquadronPNS Mehran, KarachiAnti-submarineNaval aviationSA316, SA31924°52’35.25″N67° 7’23.09″E12400
47th UAV SquadronPNS Mehran, KarachiUAVNaval aviationUqab II24°52’35.25″N67° 7’23.09″E12400
93rd PMSA SquadronPNS Mehran, KarachiMaritime SurveillanceNaval aviationBN-2 Defender24°52’35.25″N67° 7’23.09″E12400
23rd SquadronQuetta AirbaseTalonsInterceptor31 Tactical WingF-7PG & FT-7PG30°15’7.11″N66°56’5.52″E23800
28th SquadronQuetta AirbasePhoenixMultirole31 Tactical WingJF-17 Block 230°15’7.11″N66°56’5.52″E23800
85th SquadronQuetta AirbaseSavioursSAR31 Tactical WingAlouette 330°15’7.11″N66°56’5.52″E23800
4th AAv SquadronQuetta AirbaseGallantsArmy Aviation202nd Army Aviation GroupBell 412EP, Mi-17-1V, Mi-35M30°15’7.11″N66°56’5.52″E23800
10th AAv SquadronQuetta AirbaseBalochisArmy Aviation202nd Army Aviation GroupAS350B3,Ce208B EX,PAC/MFI-1730°15’7.11″N66°56’5.52″E23800
Department of StateQuetta AirbaseTransportDepartment of StateCe208, UH-1H-II30°15’7.11″N66°56’5.52″E23800
14th SquadronRafiqui Airbase, ShorkotTail ChoppersAttack34 Tactical WingJF-1730°45’30.28″N72°16’50.17″E23100
15th SquadronRafiqui Airbase, ShorkotVenomous CobrasMultirole34 Tactical WingJ-10C30°45’30.28″N72°16’50.17″E23100
25th SquadronRafiqui Airbase, ShorkotNight StrikeAttack34 Tactical WingMirage 5EF, 3DP & 5DD30°45’30.28″N72°16’50.17″E23000
27th SquadronRafiqui Airbase, ShorkotZarrarsMultirole34 Tactical WingJF-17 Block 230°45’30.28″N72°16’50.17″E23100
50th SquadronRafiqui Airbase, ShorkotSafshikanAttack34 Tactical WingMirage 3DA,3EA, 5DD,5DR & 5PA30°45’30.28″N72°16’50.17″E23000
83rd SquadronRafiqui Airbase, ShorkotKitesSAR34 Tactical WingAlouette 330°45’30.28″N72°16’50.17″E23000
2nd SquadronShahbaz Airbase, JacobabadMinhasiansMultirole39 Tactical Air WingJF-17 Block 228°17’3.00″N68°26’58.00″E33000
5thSquadronShahbaz Airbase, JacobabadFalconsMultirole39 Tactical Air WingF-16C, F-16D. Blk 5228°17’30.30″N68°26’39.52″E33000
11th SquadronShahbaz Airbase, JacobabadArrowsMultirole39 Tactical Air WingF-16A, F-16B28°17’30.30″N68°26’39.52″E33000
88th SquadronShahbaz Airbase, JacobabadRamsMilitary Support39 Tactical WingAW139, Mi-17128°17’30.30″N68°26’39.52″E33000
1st PFT SquadronPAF Academy Asghar Khan, RisalpurTrainingPrimary Flying Training WingMFI-1734° 4’44.64″N71°58’48.19″E22500
2nd PFT SquadronPAF Academy Asghar Khan, RisalpurTrainingPrimary Flying Training WingMFI-1734° 4’44.64″N71°58’48.19″E22500
1st BFT SquadronPAF Academy Asghar Khan, RisalpurTrainingBasic Flying Training WingT-37B, T-37C34° 4’44.64″N71°58’48.19″E22500
2nd BFT SquadronPAF Academy Asghar Khan, RisalpurTrainingBasic Flying Training WingT-37B, T-37C34° 4’44.64″N71°58’48.19″E22500
1 AJT SquadronPAF Academy Asghar Khan, RisalpurTrainingAdvanced Jet Training WingK-834° 4’44.64″N71°58’48.19″E22500
Flying Instructors SchoolPAF Academy Asghar Khan, RisalpurTrainingCollege of Flying TrainingT-37B, T-37C34° 4’44.64″N71°58’48.19″E22500
PAC CollegePAF Academy Asghar Khan, RisalpurTrainingCollege of Flying TrainingSF-2534° 4’44.64″N71°58’48.19″E22500
Aerobatics Team – SherdilsPAF Academy Asghar Khan, RisalpurTrainingCollege of Flying TrainingK-834° 4’44.64″N71°58’48.19″E22500
6 Shaheen Training CorpsPAF Academy Asghar Khan, RisalpurTraining38 Multirole WingStemme S6T34° 4’44.64″N71°58’48.19″E22500
4th AAv Squad DetGilgit airstrip202nd Army Aviation GroupBell 412EP, Mi-17-1V35°55’4.97″N74°19’51.54″E11500
25th AAv Squad DetGilgit airstrip202nd Army Aviation GroupBell 412EP, Mi-17-1V35°55’4.97″N74°19’51.54″E11500
8th AAv SquadronQasim, RawalpindiSavioursArmy AviationArmy Aviation CorpsAS350B3, MFI-17, SA315B,316B33°33’40.73″N73° 1’56.85″E11800
28th AAv SquadronQasim, RawalpindiDragonsArmy AviationArmy Aviation CorpsIAR330SM, SA330J33°33’40.73″N73° 1’56.85″E11800
13th AAv SquadronQasim, RawalpindiMujahidArmy Aviation101st Army Aviation GroupAS350B3, Ce421C, Ce550/560, UH-1H, MFI-17, Mi-17 & others33°33’40.73″N73° 1’56.85″E11800
21st AAv SquadronQasim, RawalpindiJabir/Night StalkersArmy Aviation101st Army Aviation GroupAS550C3, Mi-17-1V/V533°33’40.73″N73° 1’56.85″E11800
27th AAv SquadronQasim, RawalpindiKingbirdArmy Aviation101st Army Aviation GroupMi-17-1V/V533°33’40.73″N73° 1’56.85″E11800
56th AAv SquadronQasim, RawalpindiThe VigilantISR101st Army Aviation GroupBeech 200, Beech 350/350i, Ce208B33°33’40.73″N73° 1’56.85″E11800
25th AAv SquadronQasim, RawalpindiSky RaidersArmy Aviation202nd Army Aviation GroupBell 412EP, Mi-17-1V33°33’40.73″N73° 1’56.85″E11800
ISIRahwaliTransportISIMi-17V-532°14’17.10″N74° 7’48.28″E21600
29th AAv SquadronRahwaliArmy AviationArmy Aviation CorpsMi-1732°14’17.10″N74° 7’48.28″E21600
4th AAv Sqd DetRahwaliArmy Aviation202nd Army Aviation GroupBell 412EP, Mi-17-1V32°14’17.10″N74° 7’48.28″E21600
11th AAv SquadronRahwaliRachna EaglesArmy Aviation404th Army Aviation GroupAS350B3, PAC/MFI-17,SA315B32°14’17.10″N74° 7’48.28″E21600
5th or 7th Army Aviation SquadronSkarduFearless Five^Army Aviation404th Army Aviation GroupMFI-17, SA316B35°20’8.90″N75°32’38.43″E13000
21st Army Aviation QR SquadronTarbela DamArmy Aviation101st Army Aviation GroupMi-17-1V/V-533°59’7.21″N72°36’38.22″E11500
TABLE: Pakistani Air Force and Army Aviation squadrons ORBAT

Air Fields

LOCATIONUSAGELATLONGRUNWAYSLENGTHCOMMENT
Okara CanttMilitary30°44’36.80″N73°21’27.43″E12500
Sialkot CanttMilitary32°30’53.59″N74°31’44.81″E1600
ChilasUnclear35°25’35.15″N74° 5’22.64″E11300
Bachran WalaMilitary32°10’46.00″N72°32’26.02″E21600
Sialkot AirportCivil32°32’5.23″N74°22’0.37″E13400
Zhob airstripUnclear31°21’30.69″N69°27’40.65″E11800Near nuclear facility
PetaroMilitary25°32’32.85″N68°19’25.04″ENANear nuclear facility
Masroor AirbaseMilitary24°53’55.56″N66°56’32.35″E12700
Jinnah AirportDual Use24°54’14.68″N67° 9’27.17″E23000
Risalewala airportDual Use31°21’51.60″N72°59’35.55″E22500
Talhar AirstripMilitary24°50’12.17″N68°49’41.03″E1300
Sargodha 2nd airstripMilitary32° 3’21.04″N72°56’55.73″E12000
Sargodha 3rd airstripMilitary32° 3’45.20″N72°30’59.07″E21700Recovery 
Chandhar AirstripMilitary32° 4’30.94″N73°47’11.98″E22600Spare
Fatehjung airstripMilitary33°32’53.41″N72°37’53.82″E21800Recovery
Gilgit airstripDual Use35°55’4.97″N74°19’51.54″E11500
Gilgit helipadMilitary35°55’4.47″N74°20’40.81″E
Kharian airstripMilitary32°48’59.81″N73°53’35.95″E1650
Kohat AirstripMilitary33°34’15.39″N71°26’28.74″E12200Spare
Lahore airportDual Use31°31’10.43″N74°24’9.35″E22500
Malir 2nd AirstripNot in use24°56’52.24″N67°10’28.15″E1
Malir AirstripMilitary24°58’11.52″N67°13’46.45″E21500Near nuclear facility
Mirpur Khas AirbaseMilitary25°41’21.00″N69° 4’49.74″E22800
Murid AirbaseMilitary32°54’39.18″N72°46’15.74″E22700
Nawabshah AirstripDual Use26°13’9.77″N68°23’22.99″E11800
DeraiCivil34°48’51.87″N72°21’14.39″E1850
MuzaffarabadDual Use34°20’21.62″N73°30’29.11″E1850Recovery
RawalkotDual Use33°50’53.45″N73°47’52.30″E11800Recovery
Islamabad airportDual Use33°32’54.07″N72°49’24.64″E23600
AkwalNot in use32°56’49.83″N72°21’54.57″E11200
Mandi BahauddinMilitary32°36’1.54″N73°30’25.49″E1
GujratMilitary32°37’35.25″N74° 4’11.30″E12000Recovery
Sialkot HelibaseMilitary32°31’43.61″N74°33’20.00″E1580Recovery
Pasrur canttNot in use32°14’35.64″N74°40’39.85″E1SAM old
Walton CanttMilitary31°29’36.30″N74°20’51.30″E11800Under construction
VehariMilitary30° 5’7.25″N72° 9’11.58″E13000Spare
BhawalpurDual Use29°20’50.47″N71°42’49.90″E12800
Al HabiebUnclear28°25’49.15″N71°14’20.41″E11500Spare
Sheikh ZayedUnclear28°17’50.88″N70°29’21.26″E13000
KadanwariUnclear27°12’9.97″N69° 8’57.68″E12300
ChorNot in use25°31’27.67″N69°46’13.65″E1500
KhorewahUnclear24°47’13.60″N68°33’26.60″E11400
OrmaraUnclear25°16’32.76″N64°35’9.05″E12500
PasniUnclear25°17’24.23″N63°20’37.19″E22900
GwadarUnclear25°13’57.23″N62°19’41.50″E11900
JiwaniNot in use25° 4’3.62″N61°48’20.62″E1
TurbatDual Use25°59’3.76″N63° 1’52.75″E22500
RobrayNot in use26°15’5.09″N63° 7’47.48″E2
PanjgurCivil26°57’12.83″N64° 8’0.34″E11400
ShamsiMilitary27°50’43.00″N65° 9’31.10″E12500
KhuzdarDual Use27°47’42.43″N66°38’17.72″E11700Near nuclear facility
Kharan helipadMilitary28°35’44.44″N65°25’12.58″E12000
DalbandinDual Use28°52’30.80″N64°24’12.33″E22500
PishinMilitary30°33’23.56″N66°59’25.39″E1800
NokkundiMilitary28°49’5.66″N62°43’52.51″E11200
JuzzakNot in use29° 2’27.95″N61°38’50.35″E12300
DringarhMilitary29°55’11.15″N66°44’53.47″E11500SAM site
SibiUnclear29°34’32.00″N67°50’33.67″E11700
SuiCivil28°38’42.65″N69°10’34.84″E11800
KandhkotUnclear28°16’22.39″N69°16’27.85″E11100
KashmoreUnclear28°28’17.38″N69°35’58.49″E11100
RajanpurMilitary29°15’58.85″N70°11’14.35″E22900
RY KhanDual Use28°23’28.69″N70°16’53.12″E12700
SehwanCivil26°28’26.36″N67°42’56.18″E11900
Sehwan 2Civil26°12’11.61″N67°30’14.48″E11600
MohanjodaroCivil27°20’3.50″N68° 8’22.96″E12000
SukkurDual Use27°43’35.50″N68°47’15.76″E22500
DG KhanCivil29°57’39.70″N70°29’8.19″E11900
OuzkaniNot in use30°14’59.74″N70°13’56.24″E1800
BelabCivil30°20’29.00″N70°33’27.18″E11400
B KhanCivil31°54’37.78″N70°53’39.05″E11400
ChashmaDual Use32°25’26.33″N71°27’26.64″E11000
Miran ShahMilitary33° 0’56.41″N70° 3’47.29″E12000
ThalUnclear33°23’11.14″N70°35’19.20″E11200
ParchinarCivil33°54’18.46″N70° 4’13.68″E11100
WanaMilitary32°18’17.58″N69°34’29.49″E11500
RazmakMilitary32°42’3.62″N69°49’48.70″E11100
Kot AdduCivil30°29’38.88″N70°58’15.90″E11000
Thal firing rangeMilitary31°26’7.65″N72° 1’20.91″E22900Practice range
ManglaMilitary33° 3’5.20″N73°38’10.95″E11300
ChitralDual Use35°53’4.35″N71°47’56.56″E11700
Pano AqilMilitary27°48’51.63″N69° 9’55.64″E11800
HyderabadDual Use25°19’4.99″N68°21’58.14″E12000
Gurha SalimNot in use32°52’40.47″N73°36’22.03″E1800
Korangi Creek24°46’53.89″N67° 8’8.50″E
TABLE: List of all types of air strips in Pakistan

SAM Sites

Surprisingly, I’ve been able to find only one confirmed SAM site in the entire Pakistan. At first, I mistook many such constructions near 7-8 airfields as SAM sites, but later realised that nearly all of them are for parking and perhaps servicing aircraft. One spot even had buildings and another aircraft bunkers on it

IMAGE: Two aircraft parking areas 

So that leaves us with only two sites, Dringarh near Afghanistan border and another near Islamabad. The one in Dringarh could very well be another spot for parking aircraft, but I haven’t been able to find anything yet.

Coordinates: 29°55’11.15″N 66°44’53.47″E

IMAGES: Two constructions near Dringarh air strip. Left one could be SAM site.

So this leaves only one confirmed SAM site, that too with ancient HQ-2 (Chinese copy of Soviet S-75 Divina). WIth induction of HQ-9, I had expected a few more permanent sites, but have been unable to find any so far. 

Coordinates: 33°32’40.80″N  73°16’4.44″E

IMAGE: Sihala HQ-2 SAM site near Islamabad

IMAGES: HQ-2 Missiles and radar

PAF Combat Squadron Badges


1 Fighter Conversion Unit

2 Squadron

5 Squadron

6 Squadron

7 Squadron

8 Squadron

9 Squadron

11 Squadron

12 Squadron

14 Squadron

15 Squadron

16 Squadron

17 Squadron

18 Squadron

19 Squadron

20 Squadron

23 Squadron

25 Squadron

26 Squadron
IMAGES: Pakistani Air Force Squadron Badges

PAF Air Base Badges


Pakistan Air Force Base Badin

Pakistan Air Force Base Chaklala

Pakistan Air Force Base Kalabagh

Pakistan Air Force Base Kohat

Pakistan Air Force Base Kohat

Pakistan Air Force Base Korangi Creek

Pakistan Air Force Base Lahore

Pakistan Air Force Base Lower Topa

Pakistan Air Force Base Malir

Pakistan Air Force Base Masroor

Pakistan Air Force Base Masroor

Pakistan Air Force Base Mianwali

Pakistan Air Force Base Peshawar

Pakistan Air Force Base Qadri

Pakistan Air Force Base Rafiqui

Pakistan Air Force Base Sakeser

Pakistan Air Force Base Samungli

Pakistan Air Force Base Sargodha

Pakistan Air Force Base Sharea Faisal
IMAGES: Pakistani Air Force Squadron Badges

Google Maps link:

Previous PostIndex PostNext Post

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *